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1790:
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1. Naturalization Act - “Any Free White Person / 2 yrs”
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1795:
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2. Naturalization Act - 5 yrs + further restrictions
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1798:
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3. Naturalization Act - 14 yrs + a declaration 5 yrs before admission”
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1802:
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President Jefferson reinstated the 1795 act
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1852:
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Foreign Miners’ Tax “$3 a month/should limit the number of Chinese in California”
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1854:
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California Supreme Court “the testimony of Chinese, blacks, mulattos, Native Am.
against whites declared invalid
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1855:
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Act to discourage immigration of persons who cannot become citizens. Landing tax of $50/passenger
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1859:
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Chinese excluded from San Francisco public schools
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1862:
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Law levying tax of $2.50/month on all Chinese residing in the state. Immediately repealed by the California Supreme Court after the Ling-Sing decision.
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1868:
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The 14th amendment “All persons born or naturalized in the US and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the US and of the state wherein they reside”
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1870:
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The Civil Rights Act (federal) “against discriminatory state acts. Partly initiated by the 6 companies
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1875:
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Immigration Act “no prostitutes or convicts”
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1880:
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California Civil Code “prohibited inter-racial marriages between whites and Negroes, Mulattos, Mongolians
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1882:
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Chinese Exclusion Act “bans Chinese workers from the US, and prohibits them from becoming naturalized citizens. Angel Island is set up
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1898
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Philippines are given from Spain to the US. Filipinos need no visas for the US
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1902:
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The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act is extended for 10 years
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1904
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The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act is extended indefinitely
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1906:
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San Francisco school board demands that all Asian students (apart from Japanese) must attend segregated schools
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1907:
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The Immigration Act of 1907 “extended the restrictions of earlier acts” + Gentleman’s Agreement
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1909:
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The Halladjian Decision “Armenians defined as Asians - and redefined as Caucasians
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1913:
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The California Alien Land Act “ bars aliens, mostly Japanese farmers, from owning land". Further restrictions added in 1921 and 1923. Repealed in 1948
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1917:
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The Immigration Act of 1917 (The Barred Zone Act) “barred immigration from a large geographical zone consisting mostly of Asian regions” + Arizona Alien Land Law
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1921:
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The Immigration Act of 1921 “introduced a quota system. Based on the 1910 census, nations were each allowed an annual quota of 3% of that nationality’s U.S. population thereby keeping the majority the majority, the minority the minority” Washington+Louisiana with Alien Land Laws - Ladies Agreement
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1922:
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The Cable Act “US women marrying aliens ineligible to citizenship lost their US citizenship"
New Mexico Alien Land Law
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1924:
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The Immigration Act of 1924 (The National Origins Act) “amends the 1921 act by demanding a 2% rather than a 3% quota based on the 1890 census. Bars entry to any ‘alien ineligible to citizenship’, which effectively ended Asian immigration until after WWII (except Filipinos!!!) - Repealed in 1965
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1934:
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The Tydings-McDuffie Act “made the Philippines independent" - barred Filipinos (50 annually)
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1942:
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Executive Order 9066 sanctions the ‘relocation’ of 110,000 Japanese Americans into 10 US internment camps
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1943:
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Immigration Act of 1943 “completely repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, allowing Chinese to become naturalized citizens. However, only 105 Chinese a year are allowed to immigrate (the law reflects the US alliance with China during WWII)
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1945:
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Internment camps finally closed
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1946:
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The Filipino Naturalization Act “allows immigrants from the Philippines+India to become naturalized citizens at a ratio of 100 per county"
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1948:
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Displaced Persons Act “3500 Chinese can remain in the US because of the Civ.war”
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1948:
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The California Civil Code of 1880 + the Alien Land Act of 1913 repealed
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1952:
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The McCarran-Walter Act “removes all racial criteria for naturalization. Quotas still small, but spouses and children allowed as non-quota immigrants. Communists barred”
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1965:
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The Nationality Act “abolishes the National Origins Act of 1924 and its quota system".
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1968:
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The number of immigrants from the Western Hemisphere is restricted to 120,000
The number of Asian immigrants rises significantly
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1988:
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Civil Liberties Act “apologizes to the 110,000 Japanese Americans who were detained in internment camps during the Second World War".
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1990:
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Immigration Act “caps total immigration at 700,000. Each nation 25,000 + refugees ‘Employment-Creating’ immigrants investing $1 million in a US concern admitted, representing a clear class bias. Change from race to class!
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